| Rune symbol (Elder Futhark)[*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_Futhark) | proto-Germanic name | Meanings | Anglo Saxon Rune Poem[*](https://www.ragweedforge.com/rpae.html) | Norwegian Rune Poem[*](https://www.ragweedforge.com/RunNRPe.html) | Icelandic Rune Poem[*](https://www.ragweedforge.com/rpie.html) |:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---| | ᚠ | Fehu | Wealth, Cattle | Wealth is a comfort to all men; yet must every man bestow it freely, if he wish to gain honour in the sight of the Lord. | Wealth is a source of discord among kinsmen; the wolf lives in the forest. | Wealth: source of discord among kinsmen, and fire of the sea, and path of the serpent. | | ᚢ | Uruz | Aurochs, Dross, Rain | The aurochs is proud and has great horns; it is a very savage beast and fights with its horns; a great ranger of the moors, it is a creature of mettle. | Dross comes from bad iron; the reindeer often races over the frozen snow. | Shower: lamentation of the clouds, and ruin of the hay-harvest, and abomination of the shepherd. | | ᚦ | Thurisaz | Thorn, Giant | The thorn is exceedingly sharp, an evil thing for any knight to touch, uncommonly severe on all who sit among them. | Giant causes anguish to women; misfortune makes few men cheerful. | Giant: torture of women, and cliff-dweller, and husband of a giantess. | | ᚨ | Ansuz | Mouth, Estuary, Odin | The mouth is the source of all language, a pillar of wisdom and a comfort to wise men, a blessing and a joy to every knight. | Estuary is the way of most journeys; but a scabbard is of swords. | Óss: aged Gautr, and prince of Ásgarðr, and lord of Vallhalla. | | ᚱ | Raido | Ride, Journey | Riding seems easy to every warrior while he is indoors and very courageous to him who traverses the high-roads on the back of a stout horse. | Riding is said to be the worst thing for horses; [Reginn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regin) forged the finest sword. | Riding: joy of the horsemen, and speedy journey, and toil of the steed. | | ᚲ | Kenaz or Kaunan | Torch, Ulcer | The torch is known to every living man by its pale, bright flame; it always burns where princes sit within. | Ulcer is fatal to children; death makes a corpse pale. | Ulcer: disease fatal to children, and painful spot, and abode of mortification. | | ᚷ | Gebo | Gift | Generosity brings credit and honour, which support one's dignity; it furnishes help and subsistence to all broken men who are devoid of aught else. | - | - | | ᚹ | Wunjo | Joy | Bliss he enjoys who knows not suffering, sorrow nor anxiety, and has prosperity and happiness and a good enough house. | - | - | | ᚺ / ᚻ | Hagalaz | Hail | Hail is the whitest of grain; it is whirled from the vault of heaven and is tossed about by gusts of wind and then it melts into water. | Hail is the coldest of grain; Christ created the world of old. | Hail: cold grain, and shower of sleet, and sickness of serpents. | | ᚾ | Naudhiz | Need | Trouble is oppressive to the heart; yet often it proves a source of help and salvation to the children of men, to everyone who heeds it betimes. | Constraint gives scant choice; a naked man is chilled by the frost. | Constraint: grief of the bond-maid, and state of oppression, and toilsome work. | | ᛁ | Isaz | Ice | Ice is very cold and immeasurably slippery; it glistens as clear as glass and most like to gems; it is a floor wrought by the frost, fair to look upon. | Ice we call the broad bridge; the blind man must be led. | Ice: bark of rivers, and roof of the wave, and destruction of the doomed. | | ᛃ | Jera | Year, Summer, Plenty | Summer is a joy to men, when God, the holy King of Heaven, suffers the earth to bring forth shining fruits for rich and poor alike. | Plenty is a boon to men; I say that *Fróði* ([?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%B3%C3%B0i)) was generous. | Plenty: boon to men, and good summer, and thriving crops. | | ᛇ | Eihwaz | Yew (tree) | The yew is a tree with rough bark, hard and fast in the earth, supported by its roots, a guardian of flame and a joy upon an estate. | Yew is the greenest of trees in winter; it is wont to crackle when it burns. | Yew: bent bow, and brittle iron, and giant of the arrow. | | ᛈ | Pertho (perhaps) | Dice Cup[^?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peor%C3%B0) | *Peorð* is a source of recreation and amusement to the great, where warriors sit blithely together in the banqueting-hall. | - | - | | ᛉ | Algiz | Elk-sedge | The *Eolh*-sedge is mostly to be found in a marsh; it grows in the water and makes a ghastly wound, covering with blood every warrior who touches it. | - | - | | ᛊ / ᛋ | Sowilo | Sun | The sun is ever a joy in the hopes of seafarers when they journey away over the fishes' bath, until the courser of the deep bears them to land. | Sun is the light of the world; I bow to the divine decree. | Sun: shield of the clouds, and shining ray, and destroyer of ice. | | ᛏ | Tiwaz | Tyr | *Tiw* is a guiding star; well does it keep faith with princes; it is ever on its course over the mists of night and never fails. | Tyr is a one-handed god; often has the smith to blow. | Týr: god with one hand, and leavings of the wolf, and prince of temples. | | ᛒ | Berkanan | Poplar, Birch | The poplar bears no fruit; yet without seed it brings forth suckers, for it is generated from its leaves. Splendid are its branches and gloriously adorned its lofty crown which reaches to the skies. | Birch has the greenest leaves of any shrub; Loki was fortunate in his deceit. | Birch: leafy twig, and little tree, and fresh young shrub. | | ᛖ | Ehwaz | Horse | The horse is a joy to princes in the presence of warriors. A steed in the pride of its hoofs, when rich men on horseback bandy words about it; and it is ever a source of comfort to the restless. | - | - | | ᛗ | Mannaz | Man | The joyous man is dear to his kinsmen; yet every man is doomed to fail his fellow, since the Lord by his decree will commit the vile carrion to the earth. | Man is an augmentation of the dust; great is the claw of the hawk. | Man: delight of man, and augmentation of the earth, and adorner of ships. | | ᛚ | Laguz | Ocean, Water, Waterfall | The ocean seems interminable to men, if they venture on the rolling bark and the waves of the sea terrify them and the courser of the deep heed not its bridle. | A waterfall is a River which falls from a mountain-side; but ornaments are of gold. | Water: eddying stream, and broad geysir, and land of the fish. | | ᛜ / ᛝ | Ingwaz | *Yngvi* (Freyr) | Ing was first seen by men among the East-Danes, till, followed by his chariot, he departed eastwards over the waves. So the Heardingas named the hero. | - | - | | ᛟ | Othalan | Inheritance | An estate is very dear to every man, if he can enjoy there in his house whatever is right and proper in constant prosperity. | - | - | | ᛞ | Dagaz | Day | Day, the glorious light of the Creator, is sent by the Lord; it is beloved of men, a source of hope and happiness to rich and poor, and of service to all. | - | - | The Elder Futhark, above, is an old runic alphabet. Many of the characters were preserved in the Anglo-Saxon runic alphabet in some form, but pruned from the Icelandic and Norwegian rune alphabets, which shrunk to 16 characters of the Younger Futhark alphabet. This is why 8 of the above runes are not mentioned in the Scandinavian rune poems. The good agreement between the rune poems suggests that these 8 runes from the Elder Futhark were carried forward into the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc. The following 5 runes are Anglo-Saxon innovations, which have no counterparts in Scandinavian rune alphabets: | Rune symbol (Anglo-Saxon futhorc)* | Old English name | Meaning | Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem | |:---|:---|:---|:---| | ᚪ | Ac | Oak | The oak fattens the flesh of pigs for the children of men. Often it traverses the [gannet's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannet) bath, and the ocean proves whether the oak keeps faith in honourable fashion. | | ᚫ | Æsc | Ash | The ash is exceedingly high and precious to men. With its sturdy trunk it offers a stubborn resistance, though attacked by many a man. | | ᚣ | Yr | Bow (maybe) | *Yr* is a source of joy and honour to every prince and knight; it looks well on a horse and is a reliable equipment for a journey. | | ᛡ | Ior | Eel (maybe) | *Ior* is a river fish and yet it always feeds on land; it has a fair abode encompassed by water, where it lives in happiness. | | ᛠ | Ear | Grave (maybe) | The grave is horrible to every knight, when the corpse quickly begins to cool and is laid in the bosom of the dark earth. Prosperity declines, happiness passes away and covenants are broken. | I'm trying to condense rune information from many sources onto one quick reference page. This is a work in progress and will probably need many rounds of updating. 1/18/19: I've decided on calling Pertho the dice cup rune, though there are many other interpretations. I think the shape of the rune and the poem context lend itself to this interpretation. Others: pear-wood or something made from it, a music box.