It depends on what kind of gps chip the phone has. I fly drones i build and a ublox m8n can easily be accurate to 1 meter.
.... that's a gps module. of course you can get that type of resolution. 😉 generally, when a Telco has your position, it's obtained from there radio interface details that your phone is utilizing (and not utilizing). not gps. it's no where near that precise, because it wasn't designed to perform geolocation when it was implemented.
Most phones have a gps chip. I just figure the phones reporting back your gps coordinates to the telcos when it makes connections with the tower now. Sure they can still use triangulation but it is more of a fallback than the primary way to track a cellphone user.
Nope. the phones don't report that to the telco. That was never designed into the ITU spec. It's purely based upon which antennas can see your phone and how powerful those individual signals are. There is some custom TDOA that can be performed manually- in a crisis situation, but not typically. With that they can math out where you are (but with an ellipse of error). But, like I said it was never designed to do that when implemented.
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