Well poisoning: >You may be surprised to know that Israel used biological weapons during the 1948 war. According to the book "The Last Taboo" by Avner Cohen, on the 22nd May 1948, the Egyptians caught two Israeli soldiers, Ezra Afghin (Horeen) and David Mizrahi dressed as Arabs holding a flask of water. Inside the flask were two levels. One contained plain drinking water and the other, a liquid full of Typhus and Dysentery germs. The two were captured near water wells North of Gaza, intending to poison the wells to harm soldiers of the Egyptian army. On 22nd August, both men were executed after being convicted by a court for poisoning wells. The two belonged to the HaShakar unit, a Palmach unit that masqueraded as Arabs. The bacteria were produced by the scientific unit of the Haganah. > This was not the only case. In April 1948, the city of Acre's water system was poisoned with Typhus germs. The germs were spread via the Roman aqueduct that passes ten kilometers North of Acre, near Al-Kabri and supplied the city's drinking water. According to documents declassified in recent years, on the 6th May of the same year, many cases of typhoid erupted suddenly in the area. The British Army and Red Cross medics found 70 cases of the disease. It was clear that the disease was coming from the water source and was not being caused by poor sanitation, as the Israelis claimed. ... Nukes: > As with Israel's nuclear weapons programme, no democratic discussion took place between Israel's decision makers as to whether to produce biological or chemical weapons. Not in the cabinet or the Knesset and not amongst the public. Only David Ben Gurion made this decision, together with a few select scientists and military officials. According to the Hebrew book "The Last Spy" by Marcus Klingberg, Ben Gurion decided information about this was on a need to know basis so he hid it from his government Ministers, who did not know the actual activity of the Institute. He especially hid it from ministers who he knew would disapprove of such activities. "For example, there was a certain understanding among the Institute management that you had to hide information about the Institute's military and security activities from the Foreign Minister and the former Prime Minister, Moshe Sharett. "He doesn't need to know what we are doing here," Keinan said to me, "and so I showed Sharett only the well-known research." (Marcus Klingberg, The Last Spy p. 158-159). Chemical and biological weapons: >With the establishment of the IDF, the scientific department of the Haganah was turned into the Hemet. Alex Keinan, at that time a doctor of microbiology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, gathered around him chemists and biologists and established a research unit into biological warfare. According to Avner Cohen, on the 18th February 1948 under orders from Ben-Gurion and Yigael Yadin, Keinan and his people moved from Jerusalem to occupied Jaffa and later to Abu Kabir where they established a secret unit later called Hemed B. Its purpose was to develop and manufacture chemical and biological weapons i.e. to develop diseases and aggressive bacteria suitable for use on the battlefield. They hid this simple truth by having part of the Biological Institute deal with civilian science such as inventing and developing mediciNess.