>Data from the NYCLU and other organizations revealed that Black and Latino individuals were disproportionately stopped, frisked, and subjected to physical force. According to the Equal Justice Initiative, “About 83 percent of the stops between 2004 and 2012 involved black and Latino people, even though those two groups comprise slightly more than half of the city’s residents.” . . . In August 2013, a federal judge “heard and rejected the racial version of the NYPD’s argument.” During Floyd, et al. v. City of New York, et al, a federal class-action lawsuit, the CCR “challenge[d] the New York Police Department’s practices of racial profiling and unconstitutional stop and frisks of New York City residents.” Judge Shira A. Scheindlin ruled that the tactic “violated the constitutional rights of minorities in the city” and that the police had “resorted to a ‘policy of indirect racial profiling.’” https://bridge.georgetown.edu/research/factsheet-nypd-stop-and-frisk-policy/ >That is because, it turns out, the vast majority of people stopped were law abiding. Nearly 90% of the stops never resulted in even a misdemeanor ticket, much less an arrest. Consequently, (Judge) Scheindlin found “no support for the city’s position that crime suspect data provides a reliable proxy for the pool of people exhibiting suspicious behavior.” . . . Instead, she wrote that the NYPD’s logic was “effectively an admission” that racial bias was the only explanation for the NYPD’s disproportionate stopping of blacks and Hispanics. https://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/the-nypd-must-stop-all-racial-and-religious-msna76471