All, if not most, of the disciples believed that Jesus was there to do two main things: A) take kingship over the Israelites and B) lead a revolution against the Roman occupation.
Their expectation was that both of these things being exclusively in the physical or natural realm.
They did not understand - even up to the point of the crucifixion - that Jesus had been speaking of a spiritual kingdom, not a physical one at the time. I say “at the time” because the physical kingdom is to come at the end if you read the Bible.
Judas, from the day that he became a disciple, was what the Bible calls a “zealot”, which means a revolutionary. He wasn’t the only disciple who was a revolutionary, either. If I recall correctly, Simon (Peter) also started out as a zealot. I think there were a few more, but it doesn’t matter and I’m not going to look it up.
So, once Judas realized that Jesus wasn’t interested in physically overthrowing Rome, he became disenchanted with Jesus. The Bible actually says that “Satan entered into him” at the moment he left the table and set out to snitch on Jesus. So he had a purely fleshly view of the situation and Satan took advantage of this. Judas was arguably a shady character anyhow, I believe the Bible also speaks of him stealing from the treasury.. in other words, the offerings people gave that kept Jesus and crew going, he stole from it.
Revolution was paramount in the minds of the Jews. The man that they decided to release instead of Jesus (I believe his name was Barabbas) was labeled a “murderer” in the Bible. I believe that he was also a zealot and had killed some Romans, so naturally the Jews felt he was more worthy to be released since he was actually interested in a revolution against the Romans. That, plus the religious system (Pharisees) hated Jesus anyhow since they saw him as competition and he was messing up their monopoly over the people’s hearts and minds…not to mention their corrupt gravy train (recall Jesus hitting them with a whip and flipping over their tables at the temple, kicking them out for their corruption).
It wasn’t until after Jesus rose again that any of the disciples started to “get it.” Which you couldn’t really blame them, I doubt I would have “gotten it”, either up to that point. And then Pentecost sealed the deal when as promised, “another like me” came unto them after Jesus left.
I’m spitballing here, but I highly doubt that any of them really even truly “got it” until the Holy Spirit came upon them that day. I don’t know if you’ve ever had a true Holy Spirit visitation, but I have, and I can tell you it is surreal.
All sorts of stuff gets downloaded to you faster than light…like terabytes of information..it’s wild. Clearly supernatural. When the Bible says “the Holy Spirit will reveal”, it means exactly what it says, though it is vastly understated what actually happens to you when this happens.
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