If I understand you right, you:
Cannot boot the hard drive, but
Can boot a Live USB.
I assume you used GRUB, sounds like something got fucked up there.
Sounds like the hd is corrupt ? Probably should test mounting into from the live usb.
It could certainly be a corrupt drive, or Mint could have silently installed an update that borked GRUB.
Stinkpads are funny things. They're like a Mercedes. They run awesome right up until they don't, then you're calling Germany for parts so you can be laughed at and told it's a 6 month wait if it's even available.
What's wrong with GRUB? I use it all the time. Sounds like a dead BIOS battery. You get about 3 or so years out of one and then it needs replaced.
Nothing is wrong with GRUB. However, the symptoms he's describing are one that GRUB will exhibit if something gets messed up in the bootloader options.
That the device will boot from a USB stick seems to indicate that the BIOS battery is good.
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