10" barrels on rifles basically have the exact same accuracy and range still as 16" barrels.
That's highly cartridge dependent, pistol calibers sure; they use a much faster burning powder. Rifle calibers not so much, those 6" of barrel cost about 400 fps in 5.56.
To my understanding less than 10.5" on 5.56 is when it starts to dramatically lose accuracy.
I've got a 10.5" pistol, it's mainly a novelty. I wouldn't trust it past 100 yds even though it's more than capable of it, I definitely wouldn't go any shorter. Under 10" I think it's about 100 fps or so per inch lost.
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