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FOX ACID INSLAW

https://youtu.be/z9wBsK1QYYk

lhohq 45 subscribers Published on Nov 23, 2019

Recent evidence suggests that the behavioral phenomenon of perceptual priming and the physiological finding of decreased neural responses with item repetition have similar properties. Both the behavioral and neurophysiological effects show graded changes with multiple repetitions, are resistant to manipulations of particular stimulus attributes (e.g. size and location), and occur independently of awareness. These and other recent findings (e.g. from functional brain imaging in humans) suggest that perceptual priming may be mediated by decreased neural responses associated with perceptual learning. and neurological research in humans, that has examined neural mechanisms for priming. The scope of this review is limited to visual perceptual priming; we will not address issues related to semantic priming, procedural tasks (e.g. pursuit rotor task), priming in other modalities (e.g. auditory, haptic), or conceptual priming tasks that do not involve visual processes (e.g. category exemplar production task). We do, however, include reports of tasks that are primarily perceptual but may include a conceptual component Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, Building 10, Room 4C-104, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1366, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1366, USA ∗ e-mail: <alex@codon.nih.gov> Current Opinion in Neurobiology 1998, 8:227–233 http://biomednet.com/elecref/09594388...  Current Biology Ltd ISSN 0959-4388 Abbreviations ERP event-related potential PET positron emission tomography Introduction Perceiving and identifying an object or word is improved by experience with that object or word. For instance, people typically have lower perceptual identification thresholds for repeated stimuli, and are faster and more accurate at naming or reading repeated stimuli compared with new stimuli [1]. This nonconscious form of memory, referred to as perceptual priming, has motivated a large body of research aimed at revealing the phenomenon’s underpinnings. By and large, unique properties have been attributed to perceptual priming, suggesting that it may reflect a distinct memory system. A particularly important finding is that perceptual priming is preserved in amnesia, despite patients’ devastating impairments on explicit tests of episodic memory (i.e. tests, such as recognition or recall, that require conscious recollection of information tied to a specific context; see [2 • ] for a recent report). This dissociation provides key evidence for the existence of multiple memory systems [3,4], although this view is not without its opponents [5,6 • ]. In this review, we summarize current data indicating that perceptual priming operates according to rules distinct from episodic memory. We begin by reviewing recent advances in documenting the general behavioral properties of perceptual priming, including how these properties are affected over the life span. We then turn to neurophy- siological research in animals, as well as neuroimaging Although previous reviews have described general prop- erties of priming (e.g. [8]), recent findings have expanded the bound been noted that, whereas retention on standard explicit memory tests typically declines with the passage of time [9], perceptual priming effects are long-lasting in normal adults [10,11] and amnesic patients [12,13]. Recently, Cave [14 •• ] documented that perceptual priming can be detected on an object-naming task after as much as a 48 week delay between the first and second exposure of an item. Although priming diminished as delays increased, it remained significant, even in subjects who performed at chance on recognition. Thus, even with chance-level performance on exance on explicit tests [19–22], but priming s of drawings) or written word form (e.g. print typography of letters) do influence perceptual priming. Perceptual priming is typically unaffected by the same

FOX ACID INSLAW https://youtu.be/z9wBsK1QYYk lhohq 45 subscribers Published on Nov 23, 2019 Recent evidence suggests that the behavioral phenomenon of perceptual priming and the physiological finding of decreased neural responses with item repetition have similar properties. Both the behavioral and neurophysiological effects show graded changes with multiple repetitions, are resistant to manipulations of particular stimulus attributes (e.g. size and location), and occur independently of awareness. These and other recent findings (e.g. from functional brain imaging in humans) suggest that perceptual priming may be mediated by decreased neural responses associated with perceptual learning. and neurological research in humans, that has examined neural mechanisms for priming. The scope of this review is limited to visual perceptual priming; we will not address issues related to semantic priming, procedural tasks (e.g. pursuit rotor task), priming in other modalities (e.g. auditory, haptic), or conceptual priming tasks that do not involve visual processes (e.g. category exemplar production task). We do, however, include reports of tasks that are primarily perceptual but may include a conceptual component Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, Building 10, Room 4C-104, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1366, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1366, USA ∗ e-mail: alex@codon.nih.gov Current Opinion in Neurobiology 1998, 8:227–233 http://biomednet.com/elecref/09594388...  Current Biology Ltd ISSN 0959-4388 Abbreviations ERP event-related potential PET positron emission tomography Introduction Perceiving and identifying an object or word is improved by experience with that object or word. For instance, people typically have lower perceptual identification thresholds for repeated stimuli, and are faster and more accurate at naming or reading repeated stimuli compared with new stimuli [1]. This nonconscious form of memory, referred to as perceptual priming, has motivated a large body of research aimed at revealing the phenomenon’s underpinnings. By and large, unique properties have been attributed to perceptual priming, suggesting that it may reflect a distinct memory system. A particularly important finding is that perceptual priming is preserved in amnesia, despite patients’ devastating impairments on explicit tests of episodic memory (i.e. tests, such as recognition or recall, that require conscious recollection of information tied to a specific context; see [2 • ] for a recent report). This dissociation provides key evidence for the existence of multiple memory systems [3,4], although this view is not without its opponents [5,6 • ]. In this review, we summarize current data indicating that perceptual priming operates according to rules distinct from episodic memory. We begin by reviewing recent advances in documenting the general behavioral properties of perceptual priming, including how these properties are affected over the life span. We then turn to neurophy- siological research in animals, as well as neuroimaging Although previous reviews have described general prop- erties of priming (e.g. [8]), recent findings have expanded the bound been noted that, whereas retention on standard explicit memory tests typically declines with the passage of time [9], perceptual priming effects are long-lasting in normal adults [10,11] and amnesic patients [12,13]. Recently, Cave [14 •• ] documented that perceptual priming can be detected on an object-naming task after as much as a 48 week delay between the first and second exposure of an item. Although priming diminished as delays increased, it remained significant, even in subjects who performed at chance on recognition. Thus, even with chance-level performance on exance on explicit tests [19–22], but priming s of drawings) or written word form (e.g. print typography of letters) do influence perceptual priming. Perceptual priming is typically unaffected by the same

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