![Daily reminder: Aryans founded every single civilization. With zero exceptions. [1586x2893 - 3.78MB]](https://pic8.co/sh/TAd1ul.png){kind=link}
solar minimum Plausible. Also possibly a volcano.
I hadn't heard the term chalcolithic, so I looked it up. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcolithic
They place the oldest copper working in Serbia, though the fertile crescent is not far behind. Artifacts did show up in China thousands of years later, but long before it seemed to be produced there. So yeah, it strongly suggests copper working came from outside regions (and Wikipedia would tend to be the most biased towards local invention theories). It's also much older than I knew (7500 years ago) which would place it at the very dawn of cities, implying that it was very important but not totally necessary for early agriculture. Definitely a big factor.
As for America, it seems like they would use copper but only cold-forge it, which is also how they used gold. So they never made the leap to actual metallurgy.
>In the case of China I think it wasn't so much that they were able to fight successful guerilla wars as other invaders were generally able to repeat the success of the originals. So the mongols got defeated by jurchens who got defeated by manchus etc. Sometimes the invaders were ethnic han, but usually not.
You're mistaken. The Manchus and the Jurchen are the same, and they're outsiders similar to the Mongols. The order of dynasties goes Song (Han) -> Jin (Jurchen) / Southern Song -> Yuan (Mongol) -> Ming (Han) -> Qing (Jurchen later renamed to Manchu). So the pattern is repeatedly native rule leads to wealth but then degeneracy, followed by foreigners conquering them, which leads to suffering but then national resistance followed by chaos until a new native hegemon rises. So they've fought a number of guerilla campaigns against outsiders, but usually only after the outsiders got weakened by luxury and court intrigue. They could never beat the people who were born into the saddle, but they could beat their sons who were born in a harem.
They place the oldest copper working in Serbia, though the fertile crescent is not far behind
Oh that's interesting, I genuinely hadn't known that. Otzi the iceman was also found with a lot of arsenic on his skin, leading to speculation he might have been a copper worker. He also had a copper axe which would have been the ferrari of tools at the time.
As for America, it seems like they would use copper but only cold-forge it, which is also how they used gold. So they never made the leap to actual metallurgy.
Ah! Fair enough. I suspect pottery might have been the key preceeding technology which leads on to metallurgy. Amerindians did have pottery, but it was nowhere near as much a core technology as in the near east and eastern mediterranean.
You're mistaken. The Manchus and the Jurchen are the same, and they're outsiders similar to the Mongols. The order of dynasties goes Song (Han) -> Jin (Jurchen) / Southern Song -> Yuan (Mongol) -> Ming (Han) -> Qing (Jurchen later renamed to Manchu). So the pattern is repeatedly native rule leads to wealth but then degeneracy, followed by foreigners conquering them, which leads to suffering but then national resistance followed by chaos until a new native hegemon rises. So they've fought a number of guerilla campaigns against outsiders, but usually only after the outsiders got weakened by luxury and court intrigue. They could never beat the people who were born into the saddle, but they could beat their sons who were born in a harem.
Sorry, I didn't mean to imply that was the correct order of dynasties. My point was more that any reigning chinese dynasty was subject to the same weaknesses as it's predecessors and tended to be conquered for the same reasons. I'd argue that's different to being inherently vulnerable to guerilla war.
>Otzi the iceman was also found with a lot of arsenic on his skin, leading to speculation he might have been a copper worker.
Yeah, Austria was a big copper center as well.
>I suspect pottery might have been the key preceeding technology which leads on to metallurgy.
Makes the most sense. Pottery kilns are pretty close to a casting furnace or forge, and refractories are ceramic. Ancient Chinese were excellent potters and bronze casters, as were the Greeks.
And anatolia/mesopotamia too. They built their whole civilisation on ceramics.
Ok, I feel pretty comfortable calling that the critical development step. The chinese either discovered bronze or were introduced to it and grabbed it with both hands because they already had an advanced pottery culture and were used to working with high temperatures.
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