epistemic viciousness is the possession of vices that make one bad at acquiring true beliefs, or give one a tendency to form false ones anoeses: consciousness that is pure passive receptiveness without understanding or intellectual organization of the materials presented anoetic Dunning-Kruger effect: a type of cognitive bias in which people believe they are smarter and more capable than they are. a lack of Metacognition: refers to the ability to step back and look at one's behavior and abilities from outside of oneself.