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It would take a large amount of room to completely summarize the evolutionary argument for religious belief. If you're interested to know what the theory consists of, I would highly recommend reading the following paper. It does an excellent job of fully explaining the contemporary understanding of the evolution of religious belief. (If you're a person that denies evolution altogether, forget it for a moment; we'll be granting that it's true for argument's sake.)

https://www2.psych.ubc.ca/~henrich/pdfs/BIOT_a_00018.pdf

If you're like me, you'll find the argument made there extremely compelling. I mean...it's good. There doesn't appear to be a single stone unturned. A rational person, who'd been inclined toward belief prior to reading this paper, could very easily walk away convinced against the proposition that God is real, or that anything in Christianity (or any other religion for that matter) points to something real.

There is, however, a glaring contradiction in this theory's logic. I am not interested here to pick apart the paper in terms of its specific points. If you'd care to do that after reading the paper, we can do that in the comments. I want to attack a specific assumption made by the paper which is given barely any attention, but which is crucial for its thesis to go through.

Essentially, the argument goes that belief in the supernatural, namely God (and all of the associated social effects of this), were the cause of - not just society's survival - but for the evolution of our society's complexity, and even the sophistication of our cultural practices and institutions, including the development of science (by implication). The paper is concerned with showing the combination of factors that caused religious belief to evolve.

But inserted at the tail end of the paper, after a summary of the combination of factors that causes religion to evolve, is the sneaky phrase:

None of these evolved for religion per se.

This is quite literally the only sentence in the paper which even alludes to the underlying assumption on which the whole theory rests.

What this statement truly says, is that: "None of the factors which contributed to the evolution of religious belief did so because religious belief is true. They each represent independent forces, and religion is basically an accident that emerged from them, which just so happened to be super beneficial." In other words, it's not possible that the object of religious belief, God, is true - instead, all of the factors that came together that made you believe in God are themselves what do all of the work of helping you survive reality.

In the highly critical words of Winnie the Pooh: Oh, bother.

Think about this for a moment. The same combination of factors that caused you to believe in God, is also the same set of factors that caused your society to transcend its primitive state and to begin to discover the truth of the universe via the scientific institution. The former is a counterintuitive belief, according to these two researchers, and the latter is not.

One thing the paper stresses is that our 'supernatural beliefs' are counterintuitive, which is to say that belief in God runs contrary to our regular intuitions about the world. Let's be charitable. Let's grant them that.

Yet, what are we to contrast these counterintuitive God beliefs with? Well, the scientist writing the paper implicitly assumes that the beliefs we can trust about the universe would be our scientific ones. Hmm. Situate this in the evolutionary paradigm, in which everything is attempting to balance tradeoffs and costs of new adaptations for survival against an environment that kills us for getting it wrong, regularly.

So our counter-intuitive beliefs in God were the result of a combination of factors that caused society to evolve massive complexity and intelligence, including the ability to finally gain a scientific (apparently intuitive) grasp of the universe, but this same combination of factors didn't evolve because God was true. God was the counterintuitive part, and science was the intuitive (and true) result, and we should think science tells us true things about reality, but the very belief in God that led us there was an irrational accident.

The combination of factors that evolved to produce belief in God didn't "evolve for religious [truth], per se", but they did evolve to lead us to scientific truth, per se?

Based on what? The paper stipulates that belief in the supernatural (God, heaven, hell, etc.) is counterintuitive, but that our regular intuitive ontologies and observations of the world are supposedly something we ought to put actual stock in.

I wonder how well this holds up in 2021. How intuitive is current cosmology? How intuitive is the Big Bang? How intuitive is quantum mechanics? How intuitive is the mathematical concept of infinity? We are told in this paper that the factors which promoted the evolution of belief in God did not do so because God is true, but that they contributed to the increase in intelligence in mankind that did lead us to so-called true knowledge in the sciences.

I'm emphasizing the evolutionary context because the only thing that matters in this context is survival. There are either adaptations which confer greater survivability, or there are spandrels. But the theory is clear that the belief in God was a causal force in the advancement that led to greater knowledge of the universe, and higher survivability. Is this really a case for God being a spandrel? A spandrel is an accident. A spandrel does not build a church - which leads us to question whether the belief in God is rationally counterintuitive if this very belief opened mankind up to expanding into the real universe in ways it would not have otherwise. Talk about shooting the horse you rode in on.

What do you think? Was God a spandrel?

It would take a large amount of room to completely summarize the evolutionary argument for religious belief. If you're interested to know what the theory consists of, I would highly recommend reading the following paper. It does an excellent job of fully explaining the contemporary understanding of the evolution of religious belief. (If you're a person that denies evolution altogether, forget it for a moment; we'll be granting that it's true for argument's sake.) https://www2.psych.ubc.ca/~henrich/pdfs/BIOT_a_00018.pdf If you're like me, you'll find the argument made there extremely *compelling*. I mean...it's *good*. There doesn't appear to be a single stone unturned. A rational person, who'd been inclined toward belief prior to reading this paper, could very easily walk away convinced against the proposition that God is real, or that anything in Christianity (or any other religion for that matter) points to something real. There is, however, a glaring contradiction in this theory's logic. I am not interested here to pick apart the paper in terms of its specific points. If you'd care to do that after reading the paper, we can do that in the comments. I want to attack a specific assumption made by the paper which is given barely any attention, but which is crucial for its thesis to go through. Essentially, the argument goes that belief in the supernatural, namely God (and all of the associated social effects of this), were the cause of - not just society's survival - but for the evolution of our society's complexity, and even the sophistication of our cultural practices and institutions, including the development of science (by implication). The paper is concerned with showing the *combination of factors* that caused religious belief to evolve. But inserted at the tail end of the paper, after a summary of the combination of factors that causes religion to evolve, is the sneaky phrase: >None of these evolved for religion per se. This is quite literally the only sentence in the paper which even alludes to the underlying assumption on which the whole theory rests. What this statement truly says, is that: "None of the factors which contributed to the evolution of religious belief did so because religious belief is true. They each represent independent forces, and religion is basically an accident that emerged from them, which just so happened to be super beneficial." In other words, it's not possible that the object of religious belief, God, is *true* - instead, all of the factors that came together that made you believe in God are *themselves* what do all of the work of helping you survive reality. In the highly critical words of Winnie the Pooh: Oh, bother. Think about this for a moment. The same combination of factors that caused you to believe in God, is also the same set of factors that caused your society to transcend its primitive state and to begin to discover the *truth* of the universe via the scientific institution. The former is a counterintuitive belief, according to these two researchers, and the latter is not. One thing the paper stresses is that our 'supernatural beliefs' are **counterintuitive**, which is to say that belief in God runs contrary to our regular intuitions about the world. Let's be charitable. Let's grant them that. Yet, what are we to contrast these counterintuitive God beliefs with? Well, the scientist writing the paper implicitly assumes that the beliefs we *can trust* about the universe would be our scientific ones. Hmm. Situate this in the evolutionary paradigm, in which everything is attempting to balance tradeoffs and costs of new adaptations for survival against an environment that kills us for getting it wrong, regularly. So our counter-intuitive beliefs in God were the result of a combination of factors that caused society to evolve massive complexity and intelligence, including the ability to finally gain a scientific (apparently *intuitive*) grasp of the universe, but this same combination of factors didn't evolve because God was true. God was the counterintuitive part, and science was the intuitive (and true) result, and we should think science tells us true things about reality, but the very belief in God that led us there was an irrational accident. The combination of factors that evolved to produce belief in God didn't "evolve for religious [truth], per se", but they did evolve to lead us to scientific truth, per se? Based on what? The paper stipulates that belief in the supernatural (God, heaven, hell, etc.) is *counterintuitive*, but that our regular intuitive ontologies and observations of the world are supposedly something we ought to put actual stock in. I wonder how well this holds up in 2021. How intuitive is current cosmology? How intuitive is the Big Bang? How intuitive is quantum mechanics? How intuitive is the mathematical concept of infinity? We are told in this paper that the factors which promoted the evolution of belief in God did not do so because God is true, but that they contributed to the increase in intelligence in mankind that *did lead* us to so-called true knowledge in the sciences. I'm emphasizing the evolutionary context because the only thing that matters in this context is survival. There are either adaptations which confer greater survivability, or there are [spandrels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spandrel_(biology)#:~:text=In%20evolutionary%20biology%2C%20a%20spandrel,direct%20product%20of%20adaptive%20selection.&text=Gould%20and%20Lewontin%20sought%20to,more%20structuralist%20view%20of%20evolution.). But the theory is clear that the belief in God *was a causal force* in the advancement that led to greater knowledge of the universe, and higher survivability. Is this really a case for God being a spandrel? A spandrel is an accident. A spandrel does not build a church - which leads us to question whether the belief in God is rationally counterintuitive if this very belief opened mankind up to expanding into the real universe in ways it would not have otherwise. Talk about shooting the horse you rode in on. What do you think? Was God a spandrel?

(post is archived)

[–] 0 pt

Great commentary as usual, although I haven't looked at the paper yet. Maybe later.

Even if religious belief in itself does not provide important and even essential benefits to mankind - and it obviously does - then its allegedly emerging from other "actually essential" causes would still not serve as a proof against the reality if its subject - that is, God.

This is a similar mistake to that which the "comparative religions" people make; just because multiple traditions have many similar stories / myths / archetypes / what have you, does not render those things false. Likewise, even if it could be shown that something like religious belief would be expected to emerge from "some combination of natural factors", this would not render such belief meaningless or its subject unreal.

If we are going to charitably assume the evolutive understanding to be true for the sake of argument, then the paper writers should charitably interpret their findings in the context of a sound theistic evolution - if God exists, and if he works His will in time through natural causes - as all theists, contra Deists, assert - then would it really be a surprise if natural evolutive factors in the development of civilization brought about religious belief? Would we not in fact expect this, since 1) God wills to work through His creatures / natural causes, and 2) God wills for man to believe in Him? Does not the human brain being "hard-wired" for religious feeling not suggest that this development was "in the works" very early on, and is to some extent a natural consequence? How does this in anyway contradict the reality of God?

The paper's premise is just not serious.

[–] 0 pt

I dont agree with everything you say here, but I do think there is a sort of occam’s razor appeal to the theory that human complexity and complexity of the universe is down to a Creator.

I don’t know if I’d go so far as to say the paper’s premise isn’t serious.

[–] 0 pt (edited )

Excellent reply to that paper. Even without reading it, you nailed some of the pretense of its authors. I especially like the point you make about their refusal to be charitable, when as believers we are inclined - for the sake of argument - to be oh so charitable.

That's the caveat they do no want to go near, however. That in the case where God exists and elaborates His creation through natural causal mechanisms, then the evolution toward belief in the real would be completely expected with time, including the belief in one's actual cause. This was one of the bewildering facts about their ignorance of this possibility. On the one hand, we are supposed to evolve a set of beliefs which are not real (counterintuitive, supernatural) but at the same time the same factors lead us to beliefs which are.

Never is there an argument made to support that idea. It is just assumed that belief in God is not intuitive or rational, but more empirical modes are, by default.

Here is where the job of philosophy is supposed to intervene on scientific investigation.

One obvious blunder I didn't truly attack was their characterization of religious beliefs as counterintuitive. On the contrary, wouldn't we take it as a matter of definition that the nearly universal belief in a creator (by all communities ever in recorded history) to mean that this belief was intuitive? Perhaps they mean it in a very narrow sense of not being empirically expected, but even just a little analysis of this, and one can see that it falls flat. For example, perhaps we say that a person observes an incoming thunderstorm. The researchers would say the belief that God was its cause is not intuitive. But is the scientific answer intuitive? Ah, it depends on what level of reductive explanation!!

If a meteorologist would say to us: "Well it's the result of two fronts having different properties of pressure and temperature colliding with one another, etc. etc."

I don't know that I'd ever call such an explanation intuitive. Logical perhaps. But what is intuitive is that we could continue to pressure our scientist for greater resolution (reduction) of explanation. We do as the child does, and we ask, "Why?" But, we find that further and further explanation in the empirical mode always leads to the counterintuitive. It can't be said that an explanation according to atoms in the QM paradigm is in any way intuitive. None of us intuit a world with a quantum nature, at bottom. So what is intuitive is only the level of direct perception at which our essential categories exist - natural kinds. The joints of the world fit together based on essences (which, if we cared to go into now, would actually greatly favor religious belief being true).

So at best, the researchers' argument falls flat because scientific explanation is only marginally intuitive at a level which is still prone to essentialism (i.e. natural kinds like 'storm fronts'). Well, where does that kind of essentialism come from? If you move beyond this categorically essentialist level, then the cosmos returns to being counterintuitive, begging the question as to why counterintuitive would not just suggest possible reality. Indeed, most of what the scientific paradigm offers in terms of explanation re: ourselves and our world today is obscenely less intuitive than the course of religious explanation.

@BurnInHelena @KingOfWhiteAmerica

[–] 0 pt

Well said.

On a side note, I don't know for sure if any of my messages to ARM have been seen. I hate to continue using a platform he has been unjustly banned from via tenuous interpretation of the ToS, when really the admin just hates being pinged.

So, ARM, if you're lurking, please make an account at SearchVoat Forum so we at least have a safe hub / meeting place. We can go from there.

[–] 0 pt (edited )

What are the chances that he could create an alt and mind his P's and Q's here, where we just split our time between platforms?

I like the idea of also using that forum, but I also think for the sake of getting the most people to think about these topics, it is still useful to promote as much dialogue here as possible.

There's no doubt we'd still benefit from a place where we can carry on the more sprawling private conversations that we are used to, which go on for weeks.

I'm also not happy about the fact ARM was banned. I disagree with it on principle, but I also recognize ARM's proclivity for, um, antagonizing people, particularly once they've told him not to do something. While I disagree with the choice to ban his account, we might think it was a tree - at least at this site - that he went barking up.

That's my attitude currently. You might be able to convince me otherwise, re: loyalty to ARM or something. But still, there would be nothing preventing ARM from participating in both places, with the understanding that in this one it's become obvious that getting on AOU's bad side is not a good idea. I suppose it invokes an ideological problem, which has me a bit torn at the moment. On the one hand, I'm thinking, "Free speech, mother fucker. Say it.", and on the other it's, "There's some common sense that we have to appeal to. You may not like that a cop has certain authority to supersede the one true law, but if you directly disobey a cop at the time they're giving you an order, you can expect problems."

Of course, the issue here is that we think the law is being applied unjustly, i.e. pinging an admin cannot be construed as spamming. In reality, it reduces to: "Stop pinging me. It's annoying me. I'm banning you for annoying me."

I guess I'm trying to find the best compromise, where we don't lose access to this site and some of the potential for talking about important topics here, but are also able to continue our discussion with ARM in a place that has less fickle banning habits. Please criticize me if you think I'm being a bit 'lukewarm' here.

Don't get me wrong. On the emotional side of this, my thought rests with ARM. Burn it down. But I'm also trying to think logically about it. Do we think that ARM antagonized AOU in ways that weren't visible to us? If we do, then what I've said above stands. If we think ARM did not, then AOU was completely outrageous to ban him for what amounted to one or two pings. Especially given the fact that I saw people title-pinging AOU in posts just last night, and as far as I could tell, there were no warnings issued about that use of mention functions. In general, I do find this trend a bit troubling, which is the general disdain for former Voat members that is kind of hitting us like a 'door in the face' at the moment. The welcoming of Goats back around Christmastime made it seem otherwise, but now that a few weeks has passed, I am definitely noticing some of the mask coming off. I don't mean to say they are 'hunting' Goats down, but that the rules are being applied unequally where admin has knowledge that someone was previously a Goat (or, their patience is about 1/10 as thin for Goats).

[–] 0 pt

Did they ban arm? What did he do?