The suppression: (politics) by the mid-18th century, political tensions escalated. Enlightenment monarchs in Portugal, France, Spain, and other Catholic realms accused the order of meddling in state affairs, charges often exaggerated or fabricated to consolidate absolutist power. These pressures culminated in expulsions from Portugal (1759), France (1764), Spain (1767), and the Kingdom of Naples (1768), leaving the Jesuits scattered and vulnerable. Pope Clement XIV, under immense duress—including threats to the Papal States and his own imprisonment—issued Dominus ac Redemptor on July 21, 1773, suppressing the society worldwide. This was not a doctrinal condemnation but a pastoral concession to preserve Church unity and avoid greater schism, as the document itself noted the order's contributions while prioritizing ecclesiastical peace. The restoration: In 1814 after the Napoleonic Wars and the fall of regimes that had opposed the Jesuits, Pius VII—himself a survivor of imprisonment—recognized the order's value for evangelization, education, and missionary work. The Church has since affirmed the Jesuits' charism, as seen in their continued approval and the canonization of founders like St. Ignatius of Loyola. Protestants: The Jesuits were involved in the Catholic Counter-Reformation in France. Their primary objective was to reclaim Catholics who had converted to Protestantism and prevent further defections. They established schools and colleges, particularly in regions with strong Huguenot influence, to provide rigorous Catholic education and engage in intellectual debate. Marxism: The Catholic Church's rejection of Marxism as "irreconcilable with true Christianity" dates to the pontificates of Leo XIII and Pius XI, who saw it as promoting class struggle, abolishing private property, and fostering atheism—principles alien to the Gospel's vision of human society ordered toward God. Jesuits, as defenders of the faith during the Counter-Reformation and beyond, echoed these condemnations through their educational and missionary work, countering Marxist-inspired movements in Europe and Latin America by promoting integral human development rooted in faith.