There's a lot of infrastructure that would need to be in place. We have 2700 miles from coast to coast, that's a lot of overhead lines.
We just add more engines if we have bigger trains.
Europe has mostly dual-tracks and they rely heavily on signaling which allows for one train every few minutes. Smaller trains can be faster (60 to 90 mph in Germany compared to 40 to 70 in the US). But building an infrastructure that needs many decades to amortize is impossible nowadays.
Edit: 90 mph for fright trains. Bullet trains 186 mph (French: 200, Chinese: 220).
We just don't need that kind of infrastructure here. For people moving, we have a wide road system. For freight, you don't necessarily need to move it fast, just move a lot of it.
Roads with a speed limit that makes people fall asleep at the wheel :)
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