Torah and Old Testament The Torah and the Old Testament are not the same thing, though they are closely related. In its most limited sense, the Torah refers specifically to the first five books of the Hebrew Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy, also known as the Pentateuch. These books are traditionally ascribed to Moses and are considered the foundational text of Judaism. The Old Testament, as used by Christians, encompasses a larger collection of texts. It includes the Torah (the Five Books of Moses) along with the Prophets (Nevi'im) and the Writings (Ketuvim), forming the entire Hebrew Bible, which Jews refer to as the Tanakh. Therefore, the Torah is a subset of the Old Testament. It is important to note that Jews do not use the term "Old Testament"; they refer to their sacred scriptures as the Tanakh or the Written Torah. The term "Old Testament" is a Christian designation and implies a theological shift from the covenant with Israel to the new covenant in Christ, a concept not recognized in Judaism. Furthermore, the Christian Old Testament can include additional books not found in the Jewish canon, such as those in the deuterocanonical books of the Catholic and Orthodox traditions. While the core text of the Torah is shared between Judaism and Christianity, the broader context, interpretation, and theological significance differ significantly between the two faiths.