You can't understand words like sheol and it's Greek replacement of hades without getting into what Jews at the time thought about sheol. It's like if I said heavy metal, and it got translated into Mandarin Chinese where they don't have that kind of music (let's pretend it isn't there at all). Even if we went back 100 years in America, the term would be nonsense. Even in modern decades where the term popped up in the 60s and 70s, the understanding of what it refers to has evolved to include new stuff and exclude the stuff it was initially applied to. If you tried to figure this stuff out by digging into Mandarin Chinese and Chinese culture, you're going to be really mislead. The Greek nature of the new testament indicates God's desire for it to spread around the world. Ultimately, you end up with compromises when bringing this stuff into different cultures and a different language. Generally, it started with a Jew (Paul) who would go to new places and then go to synagogues in those places to convert other Jews before trying to reach the gentiles of the area. I'd assume he'd pick up a few Jewish converts who could then help the gentiles understand what's going on with terms like sheol, gehenna (they might have avoided this term altogether), and possibly even some cultural references. Some of them did start getting ridiculous and tried to get them to follow Jewish laws like circumcision. You mention the 3 languages on the cross. In Latin you get INRI, which is nonsense. In Greek you get a similar nonsense acronym. Did you know that in Hebrew the words written on the cross start with YHVH, the 4 letter name of God? Yeshua Ha Messiah V'something that means king Ha Jews I'm not sure what those last two words are, but "ha" is essentially "the" in Hebrew.