TL;DR: One can create a "keypair" which has a private part and a public part. You give the public part out so others can use it to encrypt messages that only your private key can decrypt.
It has the added benefit of being a signature that is cryptographically secured (meaning, it's difficult for someone to take your public key and get your private key out of it). So if I sign a message (using my private key "ABC"), and I post it on reddit (for example) , then everyone knows the message definitely came from the same dude who owns keypair "ABC". That's the idea
Oh, I see.
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