umm. spending from the infinite account, buying bonds from the infinite account from the feds open market operations. Physical printing of paper dollars (this one isnt used much anymore) Although loans increase the money in supply temporarily technically its a net zero to creating the money since the loans must be returned. so the "creation" happens when loans are forgiven. So any time a government debt is forgiven like pp loans or student debt forgiveness. Everything else that manipulates the value of the dollar and the money supply doesnt do so by creating or destroying dollars. It does it by moving them around, eg. mandating banks hold more dollars in reserve, eg leading to more dollars sitting in vaults and therefore not in circulation. Increasing rates making it more difficult to borrow dollars eg leading to less dollars in circulation.